Phytopathogenic Mycoplasmas - Cov kab mob nroj tsuag

Mycoplasmas tau ntev paub tias yog pathogens ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj muaj kab mob. Mycoplasmas (phytoplasm) - cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau tshawb pom tsuas yog xyoo 1967. Lawv tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Japanese siv cov tshuab hluav taws xob hauv lub phloem ntawm cov nroj tsuag nroj tsuag cuam tshuam los ntawm dwarfism. Cov kab mob zoo li mycoplasma (IGO) tau phytopathogenic. Nws pom tias lawv raug kis ntawm ib tsob ntoo mus rau ib qho kab cicadas, nplooj ntoos huab (xyllides) thiab dodder thiab ua rau muaj kab mob xws li "khaub rhuab vauv" thiab jaundices. Raws li cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm MPO, lawv zoo li cov kab mob uas muaj koom nrog cov pab pawg mycoplasma. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li tsiaj mycoplasmas, uas feem ntau pom sab nraum lub hlwb, phytoplasmas tau pom hauv lub hlwb.

Cov pov thawj pom tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj phytoplasmas hauv cov nroj tsuag tau muab los ntawm electron microscopy ntawm ntu ntawm cov nroj tsuag cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws tau pab txheeb xyuas ntau tshaj 100 hom phytoplasmas. Nws tau tsim tsa hais tias cov laj thawj ua rau muaj ntau pawg kab mob, xws li "poj dab poj niam" thiab lub cev daj, tsis yog kab mob, raws li yav tas los xav, tab sis phytoplasmas. Cov no suav nrog jaundice asters, daj dwarfness ntawm mov, nightshade kab, thim rov qab, lossis terry currants, greening ntawm citrus txiv hmab txiv ntoo, curly me me-tawm (dwarfism) ntawm mulberry, loj hlob thiab me-txiv ntoo kua ntoo, clover phallodia, dwarfism ntawm pobkws ntau tshaj 50, thiab lwm yam. yav tas kis kab mob.

Phytoplasm - pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab mob phytopathogenic muaj txoj haujlwm nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kab mob thiab kab mob. Lawv yog cov muaj sia polymorphic. Lawv lub hlwb feem ntau puag ncig, tab sis qee qhov muaj qhov ntev li lossis dumbbell-zoo li. Cov kab mob phytoplasmic tib yam tuaj yeem muaj cov hlwb ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov duab tsis sib xws. Yog li, phytoplasms ntawm kheej kheej, oval, elongated thiab lwm yam duab yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv phloem hlwb ntawm columnar haus luam yeeb nroj tsuag. Qhov lub cheeb ntawm lub hlwb yog 0.1-1 microns.

Phytoplasmas tsis muaj qhov tiag ntawm cov xovtooj ntawm tes, muaj ib puag ncig ntawm peb-txheej xov nruab nrab, uas yog qhov lawv sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob. Piv nrog rau cov kab mob, lawv tau tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab muaj peev xwm tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus kom zoo. Ntawm cov xov xwm ntom ntom, lawv tsim cov ntawv me me rau kev ua haujlwm uas zoo li cov qe kib. Tsis zoo li cov kab mob sib kis, cov phytoplasm hlwb muaj ob hom nucleic acids (DNA thiab RNA) thiab ribosomes uas muaj qhov loj me rau cov kab mob ribosomes. Phytoplasmas, tsis zoo li cov kab mob, tiv thaiv penicillin, tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tetracycline piv rau cov kab mob.

Raws li kev faib tawm uas twb muaj lawm, phytoplasmas yog sib xyaw ua ke chav kawm Mollicutes, txawm hais tias lawv ua ib pawg pab pawg ntawm cov muaj sia. Raws li cov zaub mov xav tau muab faib 2 xaj: Mycoplasmatalescov neeg sawv cev xav tau roj cholesterol, thiab Acholeplasmatales, rau qhov uas nws tsis tsim nyog. Rau tsev neeg Mycoplasmataceae suav nrog kev siv tshuaj steroid-ncu rau cov tawv nqaij anaerobes. Cov sawv cev tsev neeg Spiroplasmataceae muaj kev txav taus zoo, vim tias muaj nyob hauv kev txhim kho kev voj voog ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb kauv. Lawv kuj yog nyob ntawm sterols. Cov kab mob nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov kab mob ntawm cov pab pawg no yog cov txiv qaub tawv ncauj tawv ncauj, pob kws ntsub (Pob kws stunt) thiab txiv maj phaub (Cocos ctunt). Ntawm cov teeb meem cuam tshuam feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm phytoplasmas los ntawm tsev neeg Acholeplasmataceae, ib qho tuaj yeem sau lub kem ntawm cov txiv lws suav, curly me me-tawm ntawm alkaline, phyllodia ntawm clover. Cov kab mob me me no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag ncaj qha los ntawm lub hauv paus system thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb hauv morphogenesis.

Phytoplasmas yog tus cwj pwm tsim los ntawm ntau hom kev rov ua dua tshiab: nce pob, txiav cov kab ke thiab cov qauv ntawm lub cev, qhov tsim ntawm lub cev ntawm cov cev hauv cov niam thiab cov binary fission. Cytoplasmic faib tshwm sim synchronously nrog genome replication.

Phytoplasmas muaj kev phom sij heev. Cuam tshuam cov nroj tsuag feem ntau tsis ua qoob loo txhua, lossis nws poob tag. Qhov no yog vim muaj qhov tseeb hais tias nrog phytoplasmosis, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog qhov cuam tshuam, dwarfism raug pom. Lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm phytoplasmic cov kab mob yog kev hloov pauv pathological ntawm cov kabmob plab hnyuv siab raum, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xim ntsuab ntawm cov paj (nightshade kab), hauv kev hloov ntawm lawv tus kheej cov kabmob mus rau cov nplooj ua cov ntawv tsim (blackcurrant thimion, clover phallodia, thiab lwm yam).

Ntau cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim ntawm cov nroj tsuag thaum kis phytoplasmas yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshwm sim thaum kis nrog lwm cov kab mob. Cov kev qhia ntawm phytoplasmoses suav nrog "vauv lub vauv", uas muaj ntau qhov ntxaij-zoo li yub, pom ntawm cov qos yaj ywm. Cov tsos mob ntawm clover phallodia, blackcurrant thimion, nightshade kem thiab lwm yam kab mob tshwm sim, pom tseeb, raws li qhov cuam tshuam hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov metabolism hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Nrog phytoplasmosis, kuj tseem muaj cov tsos mob uas ua rau kis tau tus kab mob: tsis txawv txav ntawm ntau yam plab hnyuv siab raum, wilting, necrosis, nplooj me me, thiab lwm yam ntawm cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem pom ib txhij lossis sib lawv liag: feem ntau chlorosis, anthocyanosis, kev loj hlob tsis sib haum, hloov khoom hauv lub cev, wilting. Yog li no, ua tiav daim duab ntawm tus kab mob hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no yuav ua tau tsuas yog tom qab saib xyuas cov nroj tsuag hauv qhov muaj zog, i.e., thaum lub caij cog qoob loo tag nrho.

Phytoplasmas feem ntau muaj cov phloem, feem ntau ntawm cov hlab suab sib sab, thiab, raws li txoj cai, tau faib cov txheej txheem thoob plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Ntau hom tsiaj muaj qhov dav dav phylogenetic tshwj xeeb thiab muaj peev xwm kis rau ntau cov nroj tsuag. Yog li, lub phytopathogen uas ua rau mob pob txha caj qaum kuj kis tau rau cov carrots, zaub kav, txiv pos nphuab thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag. Cov kab cim tsaus ntuj muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg tsaus ntuj, nrog rau cov nroj ntawm lwm tsev neeg, xws li khi caj dab, spurge, thistle, thiab lwm yam Cov phytoplasmas yog cov neeg tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, cov kab mob ntawm blackcurrant thim rov qab tsuas kis tau.

Cov kab mob Phytoplasm yog cov ntau ntawm cicadas, nplooj yoov, thiab nqa cov teeb. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov cab cab ntau nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab vector. Xws li tus kab yuav kis tau lub peev xwm kis tus kabmob tsis yog tam sim ntawd, tab sis tom qab lub sijhawm (latent) lub sijhawm. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm latent, phytoplasm ntau nyob hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab, thiab tom qab ntawd tsiv los ntawm txoj hnyuv mus rau qhov ua kua qaub ncaug thiab qaub ncaug. Txij lub sijhawm no, cov kab tuaj yeem txav cov kab mob tuaj rau cov nroj tsuag. Txoj kev sib kis sib kis zoo sib xws, nrog rau kev luam tawm hauv lub cev ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom, yog hu ua circulatory.

Phytoplasmas tuaj yeem khaws cia tsuas yog nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag muaj sia nyob hauv: cov hauv paus, cov qoob loo, cov qhov muag, cov hauv paus, rhizomes ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj hnub nyoog ntev. Ntau hom tsiaj ntawm cov cab nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag tsiaj qus, sawv cev rau kev tsom mus rau kev kis tus kab mob, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo coj mus ua qoob loo. Hauv cov nroj tsuag tsiaj qus, nrog rau cov chaw muaj kab, phytoplasmas tuaj yeem ua mob ntev thiab tsim kom ntev. Perennial nroj tsuag, uas yog, wintering, rhizome, thiab cov hauv paus tua, tuaj yeem ua phytoplasm cia.

Lub chaw cog khoom ntawm cov kab mob muaj peev xwm ua qhov chaw muaj tus kab mob rau lub chaw cog yog tias lub cev ruaj khov cov kab mob kis tau nruab nrab ntawm lawv, qhov ntawd yog, yog tias tus cab kuj noj ob qho tsiaj qus thiab cog ntoo. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub ntuj tsom ntawm kev kis kab mob, muab tias cov neeg nqa khoom thauj mus los ntawm lub ntuj tsom rau cov nroj tsuag qoob loo, pab txhawb kev kis tus kab mob rau cov qoob loo.

Ntuj foci tau tsim los rau ntau cov phytoplasmas. Piv txwv, hauv peb lub teb chaws, hauv Czech koom pheej thiab Slovakia, phytoplasm, uas ua rau muaj kem ntawm tsaus ntuj, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov ntoo cog thiab lwm cov nroj, los ntawm qhov uas nws kis tau rau qos yaj ywm thiab txiv lws suav. Hauv Scotland, cov kab mob ua tom qab no kis tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsiaj qus xwb.

Qhov ntau ntawm cov phytoplasmosis nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov duab tsis haum. Piv txwv li, nyob hauv cov tebchaws ntawm Central Europe thaum xyoo 1953. Columnar yog ib qho muaj kab mob txaus ntshai ntawm cov qos yaj ywm thaum ntxov 60s. nws pib ntsib tsis tshua muaj neeg, thiab 1963-1964. qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob no tau rov nce ntau. Qhov dav ntawm cov kem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov cicadas (Hyaleathes obsoletus), cov tuam txhab tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob: qhov loj dua tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom, dav faib tawm ntawm kem. Cov nroj tsuag phytoclasmoses feem ntau tau muab kaw rau thaj chaw uas muaj lub caij nyoog nrog huab cua kub haum rau cov neeg nqa khoom phytoplasm.

Thaum kuaj pom phytoplasmosis, tsis yog tsuas yog cov tsos mob ntawm tus kabmob raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, tab sis kuj yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob tsom tsom tsom ntawm cov nqaij mos ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qhov ntsuas tsob ntoo yog siv los txheeb xyuas phytoplasmas. Cov nroj tsuag no hauv kev teb rau kev kis mob nrog phytoplasmas muab cov tsos mob pom tseeb tshaj plaws. Phytoplasmas tsis kis nrog cov ntoo kua ntoo, yog li ntawd, rau kev tshuaj xyuas, lub apex ntawm kev tua ntawm tsob ntoo cuam tshuam yog grafted mus rau qhov taw qhia tsob nroj.

Lub phytoplasmic xwm ntawm tus kabmob kuj pab tsim microbiological txujciCov. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov hauv qab no: tus ua rau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tus kab mob yog cais hauv cov kab lis kev cai dawb huv; kis rau lawv nrog tsob ntoo; tom qab qhov pib ntawm cov tsos mob zoo ib yam li cov thawj, cov kab mob tseem rov cais dua hauv kev coj noj coj ua dawb huv (Koch triad method). Indirect pov thawj ntawm phytoplasmic xwm ntawm tus kab mob yog cov lus teb ntawm lub pathogen rau tetracycline tshuaj tua kab mob.

Hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov kab mob phytoplasmic, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev txwv lawv txoj kev loj hlob nyob hauv kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas siv tshwj xeeb antisera siv.

Tom qab daim ntawv thov ntawm daim ntawv disks impregnated nrog antiserum ntawm lub nruab nrab cov khoom noj khoom haus nruab nrab mus rau cov hom kev kuaj pom yog inoculated, kev tsuj ntawm cov kab mob muaj feem cuam tshuam.

Kev ntaus tawm cov kab mob phytoplasmic suav nrog cov hauv qab no kho thiab tiv thaiv kev ntsuas:

• muab thiab siv cov khoom siv cog kev noj qab haus huv;
• kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroj ntawm cov phytoplasm;
• kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj kab mob;
• tswj kab vectors (cicadas);
• yug me nyuam ntawm cov nroj tsuag tiv taus ntau yam;
• quarantine thiab ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom cog thiab noob;
• loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm qhov ua liaj ua teb siab.

Cov kev nkag siab ntawm phytoplasmas rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob tetracycline yog siv los tawm tsam lawv los ntawm kev kho cov nroj tsuag nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Piv txwv li, txau tshuaj tsuag ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog 0.5-1% daws ntawm tetracycline hydrochloride nrog kev ncua sij hawm ntawm 3-5 hnub ua ke nrog kev kho mob preplant ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab kev kho dej nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm tib lub siab cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob tseem ceeb. Ob peb hnub tom qab pib txoj kev kho mob, cov cim ntawm tus kab mob yuav tsis muaj zog thiab tom qab ntawd ploj mus. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua tiav ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis tshwm sim, thiab qee lub sijhawm tom qab kev tas kev kho, cov cim ntawm tus kab mob rov tshwm dua. Hauv kev sim ntawm tagnrho-Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Nroj Tsuag (VIZR), kev kho cov nroj tsuag nrog tetracycline lossis tso dej rau hauv qab cov hauv paus nrog kev daws ncua ncua cov tsos ntawm columnar cov tsos mob ntawm txiv lws suav rau 2-3 lub hlis. Phytoplasmosis (dwarfism) ntawm cov pos nphuab kuj tseem raug nqawm los ntawm kev nqus ntawm cov hauv paus hniav hauv kev daws tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob.

Txoj kev kho (kho) nrog tshuaj tua kab mob tau zoo tiv thaiv kab mob phytoplasmic cog, tab sis kev siv tshuaj kho mob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb hauv peb lub teb chaws yog txwv tsis pub. Hauv qhov no, nquag tshawb nrhiav cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj kho mob rau kev kho mob phytoplasmosis.

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag kho los ntawm phytoplasmoses yog kev kho sov. Qhov kub tsis txaus ntawm feem ntau cog mycoplasmas qis tshaj qhov kub tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag tswj hwm, uas ua rau nws sov sov tag nrho cov nroj tsuag lossis cog khoom. Yog li, txhawm rau tshem cov qos yaj ywm ntawm cov kab mob "poj dab broomsticks" nws tau kho ntawm qhov kub ntawm 36 ^{hais txog}C rau b hnub, clover nroj tsuag ntawm lub pathogen ntawm greening paj - nyob rau ntawm 40^{hais txog}C - 10 hnub.

Cov ntaub ntawv siv:

• Popkova. K.V. / General phytopathology: phau ntawv qhia rau cov tsev kawm qib siab / K.V. Popkova, V.A. Shkalikov, Yu.M. Stroykov li al. - 2nd ed., Rev. thiab ntxiv rau. - M.: Drofa, 2005 .-- 445 p :: Mob. - (Classics ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev).