Tshuaj ntsuab thiab nroj tsuag - Part 1.

Tib neeg tau pib siv cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab txhawm rau txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg mob txij li lub sijhawm immemorial. Tam sim no nws tau ntseeg tau tsim hais tias txawm tias cov neeg laus Sumerians hauv III xyoo txhiab BC paub thiab ua tiav siv ntau dua nees nkaum txhiab nroj tsuag rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tib neeg lub cev..

Tsawg tsawg, nws yog qhov tseeb nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas thawj ntsiav tshuaj Sumerian pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb xyuas keeb kwm hnub tim rov qab mus rau kaum tsib daim ntawv yuav tshuaj rau ntau yam tshuaj. Cov kev paub ntawm Sumerians hauv thaj chaw no tau raug coj los ua thiab nthuav ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg Npanpiloo.

Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv yog thawj tus pom tias lub hnub ci cuam tshuam rau kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab pib qhuav tshuaj ntsuab hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo, thiab qee hom tshuaj ntsuab tau suav sau thaum hmo ntuj kom txuag cov tshuaj tsim nyog rau kis kab mob.

Cov tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab (qhov no yog hu ua kev kho mob tshuaj ntsuab) tau tsim kho ntxiv hauv Suav teb, Tibet, Is Nrias teb thiab Iyiv, txog thaum kawg cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Hippocrates (460-370 BC) tsim cov kev paub no. Nws yog nws, tus tsim ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub, uas ntseeg ntawd "Tshuaj yog kos duab ntawm kev qog kho zoo los ntawm cov xwm", txij li cov tshuaj ntsuab muaj nyob hauv siab cov ntawv tsim txhua yam uas tsim nyog rau kev muaj sia.

Thov

Txhua tsob nroj muaj tshuaj muaj ib lossis ntau qhov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog, tuaj yeem kho tau thaj chaw zoo.Cov. Qhov faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov nroj tsuag tshuaj yog feem ntau tsis sib xws. Yog li no, thaum khaws tshuaj ntsuab, koj yuav tsum paub qhov chaw uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog cov muaj zog thiab thaum lawv cov siab yog qhov ntau hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Yog tias cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig tau faib thoob plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag, tom qab ntawd nws tau sau thaum pib ntawm lub paj, tib lub sij hawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj muaj peev xwm sau, los ntawm txhua qhov chaw hais los saum toj no noj - nyom.

Cov nplooj feem ntau yog tua tau ua ntej pib tawg paj, tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm coltsfoot, uas yog khaws tau tom qab tawg.
Kev sib sau ntawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov tub ntxhais ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj yog nqa tawm hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, thaum dej ntws nres hauv cov nroj tsuag lossis lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ua ntej pib.
Kev sib sau ntawm cov noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog nqa tawm thaum lawv tiav.
Cov tawv ntoo ntawm txhua tsob ntoo muaj tshuaj ntsuab tau sau nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thaum muaj kua ntoo hauv tsob ntoo.

Kev sib sau ntawm cov ntu hauv cov tshuaj ntsuab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog paj, yuav tsum tau nqa tawm hauv huab cua qhuav thiab los ntawm dej lwg, txij li tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no nws muaj peev xwm ua tau thaum lub sij hawm ziab kom khaws lawv cov xim ntuj hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm nws tus kheej cua sov (kab mob thiab fungal decomposition txheej txheem), uas feem ntau ua rau tsob ntoo poob nws cov khoom siv tshuaj.

Cov tawv ntoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov kab thiab cov ceg ntoo (buckthorn), thiab hauv ntoo qhib - tsuas yog los ntawm cov ceg - los ntawm txhais tau tias nws ncig txiav rau ntoo thiab ib qho kev txiav raws pob tw los ntawm ib ncig txiav mus rau lwm thiab peels tawm manually los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab.

Qhov kev paub ntau xyoo dhau los ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntsuab qhia tau hais tias lawv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg sib txawv tuaj yeem sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cevCov. Kuj tseem muaj lub tswv yim hais tias cov tshuaj ntsuab ua haujlwm zoo dua nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag ntau dua li nrog kev siv tshuaj ntsuab tshuaj ntsuab. Nws tsis yog hais txog cov ntsiab cai sib txawv hauv cov nroj tsuag sib txawv, tab sis kuj hais txog qhov tseeb tias cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ib qho tshuaj ntsuab tau tso tawm rau lawv txoj haujlwm lossis txhawb los ntawm qee yam tshuaj ntawm lwm cov nroj tsuag, uas, qhov tseeb, tsis yog, tej zaum, ncaj qha tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. e. tsuas yog ua tus catalyst. Hauv cov kab mob nyuaj, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob tsis txiav txim siab los ntawm ib qho tshuaj ntsuab, tab sis lawv cuam tshuamCov. Qhov no yeej yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb thaum kawm qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv pej xeem cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab.

Sau cov tshuaj ntsuab thiab nroj tsuag

Aloe ntoo (ntoo centenary, agave): Aloe arborescens - Aloe npaj muaj laxative, choleretic effect, tau tshaj tawm cov khoom tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv kev kub nyhiab, txhim kho lub tso pa tawm ntawm cov qog zom, txhim kho qab los noj mov thiab plab zom mov. Aloe kua txiv muaj cov kab mob bacteriostatic tiv thaiv ntau pawg ntawm cov microbes: staphylococci, streptococci, diphtheria, mob typhoid thiab dysenteric sticks.
Altai officinalis: Althaea officinalis - marshmallow cov hauv paus muaj expectorant, cov khoom ua los tiv thaiv, siv rau kev mob ntawm txoj hlab ntsws thiab pharynx, nrog mob nyuaj hnoos txog hnoos qeev, nrog cov mob ntawm cov tonsils thiab lub qhov muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, mob tracheitis.
Drooping birch: Betula pendula - buds thiab nplooj yog siv nyob rau hauv pej xeem thiab cov tshuaj, lawv muaj diuretic, choleretic, diaphoretic, ntshav-purifying, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory thiab mob kho cov teebmeem.
Neeg laus dub: Sambucus nigra - npaj los ntawm cov dub elderberry paj muaj ib diaphoretic, diuretic, los tiv thaiv, mob nyhuv. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm infusions, stews, decoctions; nrog mob khaub thuas, mob khaub thuas, kab mob ntawm cov hlab pas siab, raum thiab zais zis, rau yaug qhov ncauj kab noj hniav.
Veronica officinalis: Veronica officinalis- Veronica officinalis cov tshuaj pov thawj muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv bronchodilator, antitussive, tiv thaiv kev mob, ua kom zoo, ua kom loog, tsis haum tshuaj, tsis haum tshuaj, anticonvulsant, antitoxic, hemostatic, fungicidal kev ua
Hmoob Toj Siab Serpentine: Polygonum bistorta- Hauv kev siv tshuaj scientific, infusions thiab decoctions ntawm rhizomes yog siv los ua tus mob tshaj, tiv thaiv thiab ua rau mob hlwb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob plab hnyuv. Outwardly, lawv raug siv los yaug lub qhov ncauj nrog ntau cov txheej txheem ua mob, hnov mob, kho qhov txhab, kub hnyiab thiab txhaws qa, nrog qee qhov mob gynecological. Cov pob zeb loj dua ntawm cov tawv nqaij txhaws yog ib feem ntawm kev tso kua mis plab zom.
Melilotus officinalis: Melilotus officinalis- Raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab siv los nyom cov nyom - Herba Meliloti. Nws muaj 0.4-0.9% coumarin, coumaric acid, dicumarol, melilotin, cov roj yam tseem ceeb, hnoos qeev. Nws raug pom zoo raws li kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv rau angina pectoris thiab mob txhaws txhaws. Nws yog ib feem ntawm cov nuj nqis uas siv sab nrauv los ua qhov tsis nco qab nyob hauv ntuav thiab cuam tshuam hauv kev mob caj dab. Txhawb txoj kev nce ntawm leukocytes hauv cov neeg mob leukopenia vim kev kho hluav taws xob.
Cov ntoo qhib dav: Quercus robur- Hauv tshuaj kho mob pej xeem, pob ntoo qhib yog siv los kho cov dej ntawm lub caj dab, kom tsis txhob los ntshav los ntawm qhov txhab; kev ncu sab hauv ntawm cov ntoo qhib yog siv rau cov kab mob plab, rau tso ntshav tawm hauv plab, tawm ntshav ntau dhau, coj khaub ncaws thiab tso zis heev. Hauv txoj kev da dej, cov tawv ntoo qhib yog siv rau kev tawm hws ntau dhau ntawm tus taw.
Hypericum perforatum: Hypericum perforatum - St. John lub wort decoction yog siv los ua astringent thiab antiseptic rau catarrh ntawm txoj hnyuv, rau yaug nrog cov mob ntawm cov leeg ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab pharynx, rau lubricating cov pos hniav nrog stomatitis.
Tsiaj Npua Teb (ua kom poob daus, polonitsa, tshav kub ziab, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo sib xyaw, thiab lwm yam): Fragaria vesca- Cov dej tawm ntawm nplooj ntawm cov txiv ntoo qus tau siv ua diuretic rau urolithiasis thiab mob gallstone. Lawv siv yog tseem tau kho tus kab mob ntshav qab zib thiab ntshav anemia.
Kalanchoe pinnate: Kalanchoe pinnata- Pharmacologically, qhov kev kawm tshaj plaws yog kev xav ntawm Kalanchoe pinnate. Nws muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kev txhim kho kev sim vim kev mob tshwm sim, muaj kev ua haujlwm hauv exudation theem. Ib qho ntxiv, cov kua txiv ua rau pom cov nyhuv.
Calendula officinalis (marigolds, crocus tag nrho): Calendula officinalis - kev npaj tau ua raws ntawm calendula muaj qhov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, txo qhov tsis txaus siab. Lawv muaj cov kab mob bactericidal tiv thaiv ntau tus kab mob, tshwj xeeb yog staphylococci thiab streptococci.
Nees txiv ntseej zoo tib yam: Aesculus hippocastanum- Cov zaub mov saponin uas muaj nyob hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho mob (hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov kab mob xws li varicose leeg, edema, distortion) thiab hauv kev pabcuam kev noj haus.
Scepter Mullein: Verbascum thapsiforme- Mullein kev npaj muaj cov astringent, analgesic, emollient, hnab ntawv, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam cov nyhuv.
Stinging nettle: Urtica dioica- Hauv cov tshuaj, feem ntau dioecious nettle nplooj tau siv. Lawv siv rau radiculitis, kab mob ntawm lub siab, tsib lub zais zis, urolithiasis, neurosis, scrofula, furunculosis, mob ntsws, mob ntsws, mob ntshav qab zib-thiab vitamin tsis txaus. Siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub decoction ntawm nplooj rau cov plaub hau poob thiab dandruff.
Lub cinquefoil yog erect (Kalgan, Uzik, Dubrovka): Potentilla erecta- Hauv cov tshuaj scientific, astringent, antibacterial, hemostatic thiab anti-inflammatory yam ntxwv ntawm rhizomes yog siv. Hauv tshuaj, rhizomes yog siv rau enteritis, enterocolitis, dyspepsia, nrog stomatitis, gingivitis, pais plab rwj, raws plab, mob plab, tonsillitis, scurvy.
Lub plawv zoo li tus linden: Tilia cordata- Linden blossom muaj anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, sedative, antipyretic thiab diuretic teebmeem. Hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog siv rau qhov mob khaub thuas ua diaphoretic thiab antipyretic, zoo li cov kab mob rau rinsing lub qhov ncauj, pharynx.
Burdock loj: Arctium lapp- Cov nplooj ua paug tau siv rau lub raum thiab lub zais zis ua ke, mob pob qij txha, mob plab hnyuv (cem quav), thiab mob ntshav qab zib mellitus. Cov nplooj txaij tshiab yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kabmob, rau mob rheumatism, mastopathy thiab zoo rau lub qhov txhab zoo.
Coltsfoot: Tussilago farfara- Coltsfoot - txoj kev kho mob hnoos, tshwj xeeb rau kev mob hnoos, nrog rau hnoos qeev. Cov tshuaj yej los ntawm nws tuaj yeem txhawb kev hnoos, ua rau cov hnoos qeev txhawm dej ntau dua, thiab, yog li, coj los pab tiag rau cov neeg mob ntsws mob ntsws, mob ntsws thiab mob ntsws.
Medunitsa officinalis: Pulmonaria officinalis - Cov kab mob ntsws Lungwort no tau siv txij li puag thaum ub los ua tshuaj ntsuab rau kev kho mob ntsws ntsws.
Kua txob teb: Mentha piperita- Hauv cov tshuaj, cov nplooj peppermint yog ib feem ntawm lub plab zom mov, carminative, sedative thiab choleretic teas, mint tso rau xeev ntuav, ua ib txoj hauv kev nce siab, thiab antispasmodic lub plab zom mov.
Marigolds (calendula): Calendula officinalis- Siv los ua lub qhov txhab ua kom zoo, muaj kab mob thiab tiv thaiv tus neeg sawv cev: mob siab - raws li tus kabmob choleretic, tincture - rau tonsillitis, mob plab, ua rau lub siab ua haujlwm rau lub siab, rau kev kho tus mob ncig; tshuaj pleev - nrog bruises, txiav, furunculosis, hlawv, purulent mob; cov tshuaj "Kaleflon" - raws li tus neeg sawv cev tawm tsam.
Stonecrop loj: Sedum siab tshaj plaws - Cov kua txiv kho kom zoo yog pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg kho mob rau kev mob plawv ischemic nrog kev mob ntau zaus, mob ntsws thiab lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm, mob plab thiab duodenal mob, mob ntev ntawm daim siab thiab lub zais zis, ua mob rau poj niam qhov chaw mos (pab kom rov qab ua haujlwm dua) txhawb nqa pob txha fusion.
Loj plantain: Plantago qhov tseem ceeb- Hauv cov tshuaj scientific, nplooj yog siv los ua qhov txhab kho, tiv thaiv mob, mob nyhav, cia siab, hypnotic, analgesic, bactericidal thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua xua.
Cov dav wormwood: Artemisia vulgaris - Hauv cov tshuaj, cov nplooj saum toj ntawm ib tsob nroj thaum lub sijhawm tawg paj thiab cov hauv paus sau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg siv. Wormwood txhim kho kev qab los noj mov thiab kev zom zaub mov, muaj lub tonic, ua kom xis nyob, hematopoietic, qhov txhab kho kom zoo, choleretic thiab laxative muaj txiaj ntsig; txhim kho txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub plab thiab pab ua npaws.
Nplej nyom creeping: Agropyron repens - Hauv tshuaj kho mob, wheatgrass rhizomes yog siv los tswj kev noj zaub mov ntsev, lub hnab ntawv, cia siab, diaphoretic, laxative, diuretic thiab ntshav-ua tus sawv cev, thiab kuj yog lub hauv paus tshuaj.
Hom chamomile (cov chaw muag tshuaj): Matricaria recutita - Txoj kev lis ntshav ntawm chamomile paj pob tawb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, mob hemostatic, antiseptic, qaug zog astringent, analgesic, sedative, anticonvulsant, diaphoretic, choleretic effect.
Roob tshauv zoo tib yam (gergenbin, grabine, roob tshauv, rowan): Sorbus aucuparia - Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj suab thaj (ntau txog 5%), malic, citric, tartaric thiab succinic acids (2.5%), tannins (0.5%) thiab pectic (0.5%) %) tshuaj, sorbitol thiab sorbose, amino acids, cov roj tseem ceeb, cov ntsev ntawm cov poov tshuaj, calcium, magnesium, sodium. Txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog siv hauv cov tshuaj ua ntau multivitamin thiab carotene-muaj cov khoom siv raw.
Ntsuab currant (Mohawk, porechka, thiab lwm yam): Ribes nigrum - Currant muaj diaphoretic, diuretic thiab kho cov khoom. Cov nplooj, buds thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm blackcurrant muaj cov nyhuv tsis haum txuam nrog cov roj tseem ceeb.
Sophora Japanese (Japanese acacia): Sophora japonica - Cov txiv ntoo Sophora tau siv rau hauv cov tshuaj. Siv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Txoj kev lis ntshav rau kev ntxuav, dej, hnav khaub ncaws ntub rau cov txheej txheem purulent inflammatory - qhov txhab, kub hnyiab, trophic mob. Sophora buds yog siv rau kev tsim cov rutin, siv rau cov vitamins tsis txaus P, cov leeg tsis muaj zog ntawm cov leeg ntshav, rau kev kho mob ntawm cov hlab ntaws, thiab lwm yam.
Nceb Ntej (marsh hnoos): Gnaphalium uliginosum - Cinnamon yog siv los kho cov qhov txhab, mob txhab, kub hnyiab, hauv theem pib ntawm kev kub siab, nrog mob angina pectoris, mob plab thiab duodenal mob, thiab ntshav qab zib mellitus, muaj cov nyhuv vasodilating.
Nkoj thyme (thyme, Bogorodsk nyom): Thymus serpyllum - cov ceg tawv me me tau siv hauv cov tshuaj scientific. Txoj kev kho mob, kho kom zoo nkauj thiab tshuaj thyme extract yog cov tshuaj rau mob hnyav thiab mob ntsws ntawm txoj hlab pa, mob ntsws asthma thiab mob ntsws qhuav. Cov kua ua kua los ntawm nplooj yog ib feem ntawm Pertussin npaj siv rau mob ntsws thiab hnoos hawb pob. Kev ua qog thyme muaj cov kab mob, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, qhov txhab kho thiab cov nyhuv anthelmintic.
Yiaj: Achillea millefolium-tsob nroj tau dav siv hauv cov tshuaj hauv ntau lub teb chaws ua tus mob hemostatic (rau qhov ntswg, lub tsev menyuam, mob ntsws, hemorrhoidal thiab lwm yam kev mob ntshav), rau mob plab, ntau yam kab mob ntawm lub plab zom mov, lub plab thiab lub plab duodenal, mob rau lub plab, mob rau cov mob ntawm txoj hnyuv, zoo li astringent nyob rau hauv gastrointestinal mob, muaj anti-inflammatory thiab bactericidal thaj chaw.
Cov kab hluav taws xob tricolor (pansies): Viola tricolor- Cov tsiaj nyaum tsiaj qus siv hauv tshuaj ntsuab thiab tshuaj ntsuab los ua kev kho mob rau ntau yam kab mob: scrofula, hnoos, hnoos, mob hawb pob, mob hniav thiab ntau lwm yam. Nws cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig (zoo li cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws ntawm ntau lwm tus neeg hauv tsev neeg) tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv txhua feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag saponin, inulin, violin thiab lwm yam alkaloids.
Hom horsetail: Equisetum arvense- Hauv tshuaj suav tshuaj, siv ib feem los ntawm cov nroj tsuag aerial. Horsetail infusions raug siv los ua diuretic, tiv thaiv mob, tiv thaiv mob, kho tus mob, kho qhov txhab thiab txhaws.Lawv pab nrog lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm, txhim kho dej-ntsev dej metabolism.
Persimmon Caucasian (Diospira ntoo): Diospyros lotus - Cov txiv ntawm Caucasian persimmon tuaj yeem siv tau thiab muaj ntau cov suab thaj, malic acid thiab vitamins. Lawv siv rau hauv cov khoom noj tshiab, ntes los ntawm te, feem ntau qhuav. Los ntawm ziab thiab te, lawv cov astringency pov tseg.
Peb-ntu ntu (txhuam cov nyom): Bidens tripartita - Txoj kev lis ntshav, tincture - rau kev zom zaub mov tsis txaus, ua ib txoj hauv kev txhim kho kev qab los noj mov thiab plab zom mov, diaphoretic, diuretic, choleretic thiab sedative; raws li txhais tau tias kom txo cov ntshav siab; sab nraud (hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus da thiab ntxuav) - nrog rickets, gout, mob caj dab thiab exudative diathesis.
Celandine loj: Chelidonium majus- Cov kua txiv los kho lub qhov ntswg, adenoids, polyps, qog, sinusitis, pos hniav, txhawm, txhaws, mob ntxau, mob qog, rwj, fistulas, pob khaus, eczema, fungus, herpes (ntawm daim di ncauj), tawv nqaij tom qab ua xua, kub hnyiab los ntawm hluav taws, ncu, mis nyuj kub, sunbeams, tshuaj lom neeg.
Salvia officinalis: Salvia officinalis - Kev npaj los ntawm sab nruab ntug (nplooj thiab paj) ntawm cov tshuaj sage muaj tshuaj tua kab mob, tiv thaiv mob, tsis haum, mob siab, mob siab, emollient, diuretic nyhuv, thiab txo hws.
Nees paum: Rumex confertus- Hauv cov tshuaj, nws yog siv los kho mob los ntshav hauv plab, colitis thiab enterocolitis, hemorrhoids, cholecystitis thiab hepatocholecystitis, kub siab, thiab tseem tiv thaiv cov cab, vim tias nees cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig tseem muaj anthelmintic.
Eucalyptus puag ncig (tsis txaj muag): Eucalyptus globulus- Kev npaj los ntawm cov nplooj eucalyptus muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj antiseptic thiab muaj kev cia siab, muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa qab los noj mov. Lawv nquag tawm tsam cov gram-zoo, cov kab mob gram-tsis zoo, muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov hu ua fungi thiab protozoa.
Dawb yaj (lag ntseg nettle, tuag nettle, dawb nettle, paj cinnamon dawb): Lámium álbuma- Cov paj thiab nplooj ntawm cov neeg lag ntseg nettle muaj qhov hnoos qeev, tannins, saponins, ascorbic acid. Cov neeg lag ntseg nettle yog cov zib ntab zoo, nyiam ntau cov kab (muv, kev nkhaus koob, npauj npaim). Nws muab ntau ntawm cov paj ntoo thiab paj ntoos.