Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tus neeg nqa khoom nceb uas mus rau hauv hav zoov rau "kev yos hav zoov ntsiag to"? Tsis yog, tsis yog pob tawb txhua (txawm tias nws tseem yuav xav tau), tab sis kev paub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog cov nceb twg muaj kuab lom thiab cov twg tuaj yeem tso tau rau hauv pob tawb. Yog tsis muaj lawv, kev tawm rau lub hav zoov kho tau yooj yim tig mus rau qhov chaw taug kev ceev ceev hauv tsev kho mob, thiab tseem ntau tshaj ntawd - nws yuav dhau los ua txoj kev taug kev zaum kawg hauv lub neej. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov xwm txheej phem, peb muab koj cov lus qhia luv luv txog cov nceb txaus ntshai, uas tsis tuaj yeem txiav tawm hauv qee kis. Ua tibzoo saib cov duab thiab nco ntsoov ib txhis saib lawv saib zoo li cas. Yog li ntawm no peb mus.
Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws nceb yog lub daj ntseg grebe
Ntawm cov tshuaj lom nceb, thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tshuaj lom thiab ntau zaus ua rau muaj neeg tuag taus yog nyob ntawm cov kab npauj npaim. Nws cov tshuaj lom tiv taus thaum tshav kub kub, thiab tseem muaj cov tsos mob qeeb. Tom qab saj cov nceb, thawj hnub koj tuaj yeem hnov tus neeg noj qab haus huv tag nrho, tab sis cov nyhuv no ua tsis tiav. Raws li nws siv sijhawm ntev los cawm lub neej, co toxins twb tau ua lawv cov haujlwm qias neeg, rhuav tshem daim siab thiab lub raum. Txij hnub ob, cov tsos mob ntawm lom yog tshwm sim los ntawm mob taub hau thiab mob leeg, ntuav, tab sis lub sijhawm ploj, thiab feem ntau muaj cov neeg tuag tau tshwm sim.
Txawm tias tsuas yog kov cov nceb noj tau hauv pob tawb rau ib pliag, cov tshuaj lom ntawm toadstool tam sim ntawd nqus rau hauv lawv lub kaus mom thiab txhais ceg thiab hloov qhov khoom plig tsis paub qab hau ntawm qhov ua rau muaj riam phom txaus ntshai.
Toadstool hlob zoo nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov uas xoob thiab nws cov tsos (thaum hnub nyoog yau) me ntsis zoo li nceb lossis ntsuab, nyob ntawm seb cov xim ntawm lub kaus mom. Lub kaus mom tuaj yeem nyob nrog qhov sib sib zog me me lossis hauv cov duab ntawm lub qe, muaj npoo ntse thiab xov paj sib luag. Cov xim nws txawv ntawm dawb mus rau ntsuab-txiv ntseej, cov paib nyob hauv qab lub kaus mom kuj tseem yog xim dawb. Lub ceg ntev elongated ntawm lub hauv paus nthuav dav thiab yog "chained" rau cov seem ntawm lub hnab ntim zaj duab xis, uas zais cov nceb qis hauv qab, thiab muaj lub nplhaib dawb nyob saum.
Hauv kev toadstool, thaum tawg, lub cev dawb tsis ua tsaus thiab khaws nws cov xim.
Yog li txawv ya agaric
Txawm tias cov menyuam yaus paub txog cov khoom muaj kev phom sij ntawm ya agaric; hauv txhua zaj dab neeg, nws tau raug piav raws li muaj cov tshuaj lom tuag rau kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj lom poov xab. Nws hloov tawm tias tsis yog txhua yam yog qhov yooj yim: lub hau liab-nceb nrog dawb pob, raws li txhua tus neeg pom nws hauv cov duab hauv phau ntawv, tsis yog ib daim ntawv txhua. Ntxiv nrog rau nws, tseem muaj ob peb ntau yam ntawm ya agaric, txawv ntawm txhua lwm yam. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm heev, piv txwv li, Caesar nceb, ovoid thiab reddening ya agaric. Yog lawm, feem ntau hom yog tseem inedible, thiab qee qhov yog qhov yooj yim rau lub neej thiab nws yog nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub suav nrog lawv hauv cov zaub mov noj.
Lub npe "fly agaric" yog tsim los ntawm ob lo lus: "yoov" thiab "kev mob plab", uas yog kev tuag. Thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev piav qhia, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov fungus tua tau yoov, uas yog nws cov kua txiv, uas tso tawm los ntawm lub hau tom qab muab tshuaj txhuam nrog nws qab zib.
Cov tshuaj lom tuag lom ntawm fly agaric uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj tshaj plaws rau tib neeg suav nrog (lub npe thib ob yog muab rau hauv nkhaus):
- Tshuaj lom (liab). Loj hlob nyob rau hauv hav zoov nyob rau hauv birches thiab firs. Lub kaus mom kheej kheej feem ntau liab liab, txawm hais tias muaj ntau hom kab ntxwv. Tus nplua nuj placer ntawm kev loj hlob yog qhov pom thoob plaws tag nrho, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tseem nyob tsis muaj zog thiab raug ntxuav tawm tom qab los nag. Cov nqaij tuab ntawm cov xim dawb, nrog hom liab qab uas pom tau. Cov ceg dawb yog siab, muaj zog thiab muaj zog, nrog cov seem ntawm lub kaus mom hauv daim ntawv ntawm plaub ya ri (tseem dawb).
- Tsov dub (tsov txaij). Nws nyob ntawm cov ntoo thuv, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo li lub kaus mom ntawm cov xim brownish nrog cov kev loj hlob dawb. Lub pulp yog dawb, watery, tsw ntawm radish tshiab. Ob txhais ceg yog cream-xim nyob rau hauv qis dua ob zaug ringed, cov phab ntsa yog tuab dua, tab sis sab hauv lawv muaj ib thaj chaw hollow.
- Cov ntxhiab dawb dawb (feem ntau hu ua mushroom picker dawb grebe). Nws loj hlob ntawm cov toj hauv deciduous coniferous hav zoov, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov xim dawb tshwj xeeb ntawm tag nrho cov nceb lub cev thiab pungent tsis hnov tsw ntawm tshuaj ntxhua, uas nws muaj npe. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub kaus mom yog feem ntau ci, tab sis qee zaum plaub ya dawb pom hauv nws. Lub ceg ntev yog yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm nkhaus, nrog lub hauv paus tuberous.
- Ci daj (txiv qaub). Nws loj tsuas yog rau cov av xuab zeb. Tus tswv ntawm lub kaus mom daj nrog daim tawv du, qee zaum cov plaub ya ri dawb pom ntawm nws. Lub teeb lub teeb yog squat thiab puas yooj yim, muaj lub nplhaib tuab rau hauv qab.
Ib qho me me tab sis tuag taus ragged kev nceb
Cov nceb lom tau txais nws lub npe rau nws cov qauv peculiar: feem ntau nws lub kaus mom, saum npoo ntawm uas npog nrog cov ntaub qhwv ntsej muag, tseem tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kab ua kom ntev, thiab cov npoo tau nraus. Hauv cov ntawv nyeem, lub nceb zoo dua lub npe hu ua fiberglass thiab muaj tus qauv me me. Qhov siab ntawm txhais ceg yog me ntsis ntau dua 1 cm, thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub kaus mom nrog lub qhov muag tiv thaiv hauv qhov chaw yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 8 cm, tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv nws ntawm tshuav ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.
Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm muscarine nyob rau hauv lub sam thiaj ntawm lub cev fibrous tshaj li tus kabmob liab ya agaric, thaum cov nyhuv pom tau tom qab ib nrab teev, thiab nyob rau hauv ib hnub twg txhua cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom nrog cov taug no ploj.
Zoo nkauj, tab sis "horseradish nceb"
Qhov no yog qhov tseeb thaum lub npe sib raug rau cov ntsiab lus. Nws tsis yog tias tsis muaj vim li cas qhov nceb tsis muaj tseeb lossis lub caij nplooj zeeg horseradish tau raug dub los ntawm cov lus tsis zoo li no - tsis yog nws lom, nws tseem yog iab nqaij, thiab qhov ntxhiab tsw tawm tsuas yog qias neeg thiab tsis yog txhua lub nceb. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, ua tsaug rau nws cov "aroma", nws tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev ntseeg siab hauv cov neeg nqa khoom nceb hauv qab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm russula, uas tus valui zoo heev.
Lub npe scientific ntawm lub suab hu ua fungus zoo li "goebeloma nplaum."
Kev tsis ncaj ncees lub suab nrov tau loj hlob nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis feem ntau nws tuaj yeem pom thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov nyob rau ntawm cov npoo ci uas muaj qhov ci thiab txiav ntoo, hauv qab ntoo qhib, ntoo lossis tawv ntoo. Lub hau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nceb yog creamy dawb, convex, nrog rau cov npoo ntsaws. Nrog lub hnub nyoog, nws qhov chaw khoov rau sab hauv thiab tsaus ntuj rau xim daj-xim av, thaum lub teeb tseem nyob. Cov tev ntawm lub kaus mom yog qhov zoo nkauj thiab du, tab sis nplaum. Hauv qab ntawm lub kaus mom muaj cov phaj adherent ntawm grey-dawb hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas cov khoom muaj nqis, thiab qias neeg daj hauv cov qauv me. Lub iab iab iab kuj muaj qhov sib txuam xim. Qhov ko taw ntawm tus cuav valui yog qhov siab heev, kwv yees li 9 cm. Nws yog dav ntawm lub hauv paus, txuas ntxiv tev tawm, npog nrog ib txheej dawb, zoo ib yam li hmoov.
Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm "horseradish mushroom" yog qhov pom muaj dub dub rau ntawm daim hlau.
Lom ob ntawm lub caij ntuj sov nceb: sulfur-daj zib ntab agaric
Txhua tus paub tias zib ntab agarics loj hlob ntawm stumps hauv cov tsiaj zoo, txawm li cas los xij, ntawm lawv muaj xws li "tus txheeb ze" uas tawm sab nraud tsis txawv ntawm cov nceb zoo noj, tab sis ua rau muaj kev phiv heev. Qhov no yog dag dag ntses daj. Cov menyuam ntxaib lom nyob hauv heaps nyob ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov hom ntoo yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, ob qho tib si hauv hav zoov thiab hauv kev tshem ntawm cov teb.
Cov nceb muaj lub kaus mom me me (qhov siab tshaj 7 cm hauv kab) ntawm cov xim grey-daj, nrog rau qhov chaw tsaus nti, xim liab. Lub sam thiaj yog lub teeb, iab thiab tsw phem. Cov phiajcim hauv qab lub kaus mom yog khov kho rau hauv ceg; lawv yuav tsaus rau ntawm lub nceb qub. Lub teeb ceg ntev ntev, txog li 10 cm, thiab txawm tias, muaj cov fibers.
Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm "zoo" thiab "phem zib agaric" los ntawm cov cim hauv qab no:
- cov nceb noj tau muaj plaub ya ri ntawm lub hau thiab ceg; lub nceb tsis tseeb tsis muaj lawv;
- cov nceb “zoo” hnav nrog tiab nrog txhais ceg; tus “tsis zoo” tsis hnav.
Dabntxwnyoog ua nceb tawm ua boletus
Qhov ceg loj heev thiab lub ntsej muag ntom ntom ntaj ntawm Dab Ntxwg Nyoog ua rau nws zoo li nceb nrog cov nceb, txawm li cas los xij, kev noj mov zoo li tus txiv neej zoo nraug no yog qhov tsis zoo nrog kev haus luam yeeb loj. Dab Ntxwg Nyoog ya, raws li hom tsiaj no tseem hu ua, qab qab zoo nkauj: tsis hnov tsw tsis hnov tsw hlo li cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov nceb lom.
Qee cov kws tshawb fawb txawm hais tias cov taum yuav tsum tau nceb noj tau nceb yog hais tias nws raug rau lub sij hawm soaking thiab ntev ntev ntawm kev kho cua sov. Tab sis hais qhov tseeb muaj ntau npaum li cas co toxins muaj hau nceb ntawm hom no, tsis muaj leej twg noj, yog li nws zoo dua tsis muaj kev phom sij rau koj kev noj qab haus huv.
Outwardly, Dab Ntxwg Nyoog lub nceb yog qhov zoo nkauj heev: lub kaus mom dawb paug yog fleshy, nrog daj tsaus nti hauv qab, uas hloov liab dua lub sijhawm. Daim duab ntawm ob txhais ceg yog zoo li tus boletus tuaj yeem ua tau, zoo tib yam, hauv hom ntawm lub thoob. Hauv qab lub kaus mom, txhais ceg taw thiab tig daj, tus so yog txiv kab ntxwv-liab. Lub pulp yog heev ntom, dawb, tsuas yog pinkish ntawm lub hauv paus heev ntawm txhais ceg. Cov tub ntxhais hluas nceb muaj ntxhiab tsw zoo, tab sis qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov zaub lwj uas tau los ntawm cov qauv qub.
Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov sib txawv ntawm Dabntxwnyoog boletus los ntawm cov nceb noj tau los ntawm kev txiav cov nqaij: thaum sib cuag nrog huab cua, nws ua ntej muab zas xim liab, thiab tom qab ntawd tig xiav xim.
Npua yog lub nceb zoo li nceb
Qhov kev sib cav txog kev hloov kho tau ntawm npua tau nres thaum ntxov 90s, thaum txhua hom ntawm cov nceb tau lees paub tias muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg lub neej thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Qee cov neeg ua lub nceb mus txog niaj hnub no tseem niaj hnub sau lawv rau kev noj, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no los ntawm qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, vim yog cov co toxins ntawm npua tuaj yeem lom ntau hauv lub cev thiab cov tsos mob ntawm kev lom tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd.
Outwardly lom nceb zoo li nceb: lawv yog cov me me, nrog zaum khooj taw thiab lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag ntawm lub teeb daj lossis xim grey-xim av. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub kaus mom yog tob concave sab hauv, cov npoo yog laim ntoom. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev hauv ntu yog daj, tab sis sai sai los ntawm huab cua. Cov npua loj hlob nyob rau hauv tej pawg hauv hav zoov thiab cog ntoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo li cov ntoo vau los ntawm cua, nyob hauv lawv cov rhizomes.
Muaj ntau tshaj 30 ntau yam ntawm pob ntseg npua, tseem hu ua nceb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov lus qhuab qhia thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev lom neeg, tab sis cov thinner npua raug lees paub tias yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Lub hau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas lom nceb yog du, qias neeg-txiv roj, thiab thaum kawg ua xeb. Lub ceg luv luv luv yog hloov ua kheej kheej. Thaum lub cev tawm ntawm lub cev nceb, tus hnov ntxhiab tsw pom ntawm rotting ntoo tau hnov.
Tsis muaj dab tsi txaus ntshai yog cov npua:
- Alder. Lub kaus mom muaj xim daj-daj nrog cov nplai me me, cov npoo yog sab me ntsis, lub funnel yog me me. Ceg luv luv, plhu nqis.
- Tus rog ib. Lub kaus mom xim av yog qhov loj heev thiab zoo li tus nplaig. Ob txhais ceg yog ib lub me me, yuav luag txhua zaus txuas tsis yog hauv nruab nrab, tab sis tau ze rau ntawm txoj hlua ntawm lub kaus mom. Lub sam thiaj yog dej, ntxhiab tsw.
- Ntsej muag zoo li tus. Cov ceg me me sib koom ua ke nrog lub kaus mom tawv tawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm cov xim tsaus daj nrog xim av tint. Loj hlob ntawm cov kab sib chaws coniferous thiab cov tsev lawj.
Tshuaj lom neeg kaus
Raws cov kev thiab txiav mus, cov nceb hauv qab tuaj loj hauv ntau ntawm txhais ceg siab thiab dav nrog lub kaus mom dav, dav uas nyiam ib lub kaus. Lawv hu ua umbrellas, vim hais tias lub kaus mom yeej qhib thaum lub nceb loj zuj zus thiab ua dav. Feem ntau ntau hom ntawm mushroom umbrellas yog siv tau thiab qab heev, tab sis ntawm lawv muaj cov kab mob lom.
Qhov feem ntau txaus ntshai thiab cov tshuaj lom nceb muaj xws li umbrellas:
- Combed. Lub kaus mom liab liab ntawm tus neeg laus lub nceb hauv nruab nrab muaj qhov sib zog ua kom tsis muaj zog, tag nrho saum npoo yog npog nrog cov txiv kab ntxwv tawg zoo li cov nplai, thiab muaj qhov txhuam me ntsis nyob ntawm ntug. Tus ntoo cuam yog qhov khoob, nyias, daj daj, lub suab nrov hauv cov hluas fungi, tab sis lub nplhaib tawg sai heev.
- Txiv ntseej. Nws yog qhov txawv ntawm ib qhov tsaus dua, yuav luag xim av, lub kaus mom xim thiab ntau tus muaj nplai zoo, kuj muaj xim tsaus. Cov ceg ntev nrog cov nqaij liab muaj cov xim zoo sib xws.
Tshuaj lom poov Nyob Qaum Ntuj
Cov nceb nceb muaj ntau ntau yam, ntawm lawv muaj ob qho nceb noj thiab qab nceb, thiab frankly tasteless thiab inedible hom, thiab tseem muaj lub nceb lom txaus ntshai. Ib txhia ntawm lawv zoo li lawv cov "tsis muaj mob" txheeb ze, uas yooj yim dag ntxias cov tsis muaj neeg paub txog kev nceb nceb. Ua ntej mus rau tom hav zoov, koj yuav tsum saib koj tus kheej ua tus khub ntawm ib tus neeg uas paub txhua tus tsis paub meej ntawm kev ua hauj lwm cov nceb thiab paub tias yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm "kev ua phem" thiab "zoo".
Qhov thib ob lub npe ntawm kab yog tham.
Ntawm cov neeg hais lus lom, ib qho txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev phom sij tshwm sim, yog cov qib zoo li no:
- Whitish (nws tseem yog tshuaj dawb). Hais txog co toxins, nws yog tom ntej ntawm cov nplaim lom agarics, tshwj xeeb, liab. Loj hlob ntawm cov nyom. Cov nceb yau muaj lub kaus mom me me dawb, thaum lub sijhawm nws mus ua ke, thiab hauv cov kab qub nws tig mus rau qhov rov qab. Ib qho tawv dawb, nyias nyias, nyias ceg thiab fibrous pulp, uas tsis tsaus ntuj tom qab txiav, yog pleev xim dawb.
- Tsov (aka tsov txaij). Loj hlob ntawm cov thaj av xau ntawm cov conifers thiab hardwoods. Lub kaus mom grey tau khoov cia, dhau ntawm tag nrho saum npoo muaj qhov muaj nplua mias, tsaus nti, nplai. Cov paib hauv qab lub kaus mom kuj tseem yog xim dawb thiab tuab. Ceg me ntsis ntais, tiaj, tsis muaj plaub ya ri, nqaim hauv qab. Lub pulp yog ntom, me ntsis daj, nws tsw ntawm hmoov.
- Xaiv (nws tseem yog murine lossis hlawv-ntse). Nws loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov coniferous, pom qhov muaj nyob ntawm lub kaus mom ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntse siab thiab lub ntsej muag ci nqaij tawv. Ceg ceg ntev, dawb, "ntawm lub hauv paus" zoo nkaus li daj zas (tsawg zaus - liab dawb). Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev yog dawb, ntxhiab tsw, tab sis nrog qhov ntxiag ntxiag. Tsis tas xav sim!
Bile Nceb: inedible lossis lom?
Feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog cov kua tsib yog qhov ua tsis tau, vim tias txawm tias cov kab hauv hav zoov tsis twv nws lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm pab pawg ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau ntseeg tias muaj tshuaj lom ntawm cov kab mob no. Kev noj cov nqaij npuas ua rau lub cev, qhov ua kom tuag taus tsis tshwm sim, tab sis cov co toxins uas muaj nyob hauv nws hauv qhov ntau yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub hauv nruab nrog cev, tshwj xeeb hauv lub siab.
Cov neeg rau peculiar saj ntawm lub nceb yog hu ua mustard.
Qhov loj ntawm lub poov tshuaj lom tsis yog me me: lub taub ntawm xim av-txiv kab ntxwv lub kaus mom ncav cuag 10 cm, thiab creamy-liab txhais ceg yog tuab heev, nrog cov qauv tsaus nti hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub mesh nyob sab sauv.
Cov ntses bile zoo ib yam li dawb, tab sis, tsis zoo li tom kawg, nws ib txwm tig xim liab thaum lub sijhawm so.
Yooj yim impassable galerina hav iav
Nyob hauv thaj chaw swampy ntawm lub hav zoov, nyob rau hauv cov ntoo ntxhw, koj tuaj yeem pom cov nceb me me ntawm daim ntaub nyias nyias ntev - cov tsev khaws ntoo marsh. Ib qho ntawm lub ntsej muag daj daj nrog lub nplhaib dawb nyob rau sab saum toj yog yooj yim tsoo txawm tias muaj pob me me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nceb yog lom thiab tsis tuaj yeem noj ib qho dab tsi. Lub kaus mom daj daj dub ntawm chav tso pa tseem yog qhov tsis yooj yim thiab muaj dej, thaum lub hnub nyoog hluas nws zoo li lub tswb nrov, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws ncaj ncaj, tawm tsuas yog ib qho ntse nyob hauv nruab nrab.
Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov nceb muaj taug lom, ntxiv rau, tseem muaj ntau hom tsiaj cuav, uas yooj yim tsis meej pem nrog edible. Yog tias koj tsis paub meej tias cov nceb twg hauv qab koj cov ko taw - thov hla dhau. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua ib lub voj voog ntxiv hauv hav zoov lossis rov qab los tsev nrog lub hnab tawv me, tshaj li qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm kev lom neeg tom qab. Ceev faj, saib xyuas koj kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov neeg nyob ze koj!
